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Health status and treatment outcome of TB with DM cases, Gujarat [TB0104]

The world is undergoing an epidemiological transition in disease burden, with a gradual decline in deaths from communicable diseases (CDs) and a steady rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This shift has intensified competition for policy attention and resources between advocates for CDs, such as tuberculosis (TB), and those focused on NCDs, like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus (DM). The global increase in type 2 DM has emerged as a substantial challenge for TB control, as today more TB patients are living with diabetes than with concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Thus, the association between DM and TB may become the next significant challenge for global TB control. The bidirectional relationship between TB and DM is well-documented. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for TB development, while TB can also lead to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and new-onset diabetes. Additionally, diabetes may alter TB symptoms, radiological findings, ...
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The potential association between metabolic disorders and pulmonary TB [TB0109]

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a scientific approach used to assess causal relationships between modifiable risk factors and clinically relevant outcomes by utilizing genetic variants as instrumental variables in natural experiments. This method, which relies on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data, provides valuable insights into potential causal connections, enabling researchers to make informed decisions regarding preventive measures and therapeutic interventions. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remain the gold standard for establishing causality. However, when clinical research is too costly, impractical, or unethical, MR has become a compelling alternative. Compared to traditional observational studies, MR is less susceptible to confounding factors and reverse causality since it focuses on genetic components rather than environmental ones. In this study, the causal relationships between metabolic factors and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) were examined through two-sample...
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The definition of tuberculosis infection based on the spectrum of TB disease [TB0112]

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne disease transmitted by inhaling droplet nuclei, ranging from 1 to 5 µm, released when contagious individuals cough, speak, sing, or sneeze. After exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), around 20–25% of individuals become infected. Of these, 5–10% may develop active TB within the first five years. In the remaining 90%, the immune system—via innate and adaptive responses—controls the pathogen's replication. About 10% of infected individuals may develop active TB at some point in their lifetime. The risk is significantly higher for those co-infected with HIV, with a 10% annual risk and up to a 50% lifetime risk of developing active TB. The term "latent tuberculosis infection" (LTBI) refers to a state of persistent immune response to Mtb antigens, as detected by tests like the tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA), without clinical signs of active TB. Historically, a dualistic approach—classifying ...
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